http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=art.11265&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rssOne of America's more prolific twentieth century composers, Charles Wuorinen successfully tried his hand at virtually every established form while maintaining close ties to the new electronic music movement as well. His early work, including his "Piano Variations (1963)" focused heavily on expressive performance eccentricities like slamming the keys with his fist and scratching the strings inside the instrument. His later work, for which he is most closely associated, took a more academic approach, drawing heavily from the work of Milton Babbitt and the second-generation serialists. These later works have a dryer, more studied feel to them, ensuring that his legacy would be left with the academic world as opposed to the popular one. Wuorinen was awarded the Pulitzer Prize 1970 for his work "Time's Enconium," an interesting, if dated, electronic work. - Doug Russell20th/21st Centuryen720Tue, 1 Dec 2009 10:48:02 -0800 http://static.realone.com/rotw/images/logo_rhapsody_113x22.gif http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=art.11265&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss One of America's more prolific twentieth century composers, Charles Wuorinen successfully tried his hand at virtually every established form while maintaining close ties to the new electronic music movement as well. His early work, including his "Piano Variations (1963)" focused heavily on expressive performance eccentricities like slamming the keys with his fist and scratching the strings inside the instrument. His later work, for which he is most closely associated, took a more academic approach, drawing heavily from the work of Milton Babbitt and the second-generation serialists. These later works have a dryer, more studied feel to them, ensuring that his legacy would be left with the academic world as opposed to the popular one. Wuorinen was awarded the Pulitzer Prize 1970 for his work "Time's Enconium," an interesting, if dated, electronic work. - Doug Russell http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479975&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Thu, 1 Jan 1998 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2479975 tra.2479975 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Piano Quintet / Lightenings VIII / The Mission of Virgil alb.167632 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/1/7/1/8/498171_170x170.jpg 1998-01-01 00:00:00.0 1998-01-01 00:00:00.0 true III. quarter - 120-128 (Intermezzo) tra.2479975 204000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479975&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479975&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169258&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169258 tra.2169258 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true A Solis Ortus tra.2169258 84000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169258&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169258&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.8845836&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Fri, 18 Nov 2005 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 8845836 tra.8845836 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.99 On Alligators alb.8845221 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/1/2/4/5/755421_170x170.jpg 2005-02-22 00:00:00.0 2005-11-18 00:00:00.0 true Third Piano Concerto: I tra.8845836 385000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.8845836&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.8845836&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.13202612&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Nov 2004 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 13202612 tra.13202612 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.99 The Golden Dance alb.13200933 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/9/1/8/7/967819_170x170.jpg 2004-11-01 00:00:00.0 2004-11-01 00:00:00.0 true The Golden Dance: Quarter note = 144 tra.13202612 463000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.13202612&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.13202612&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161137&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Tue, 20 Sep 1994 00:00:00 -0700 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2161137 tra.2161137 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Winter's Tale / String Sextet / Twang / New York Notes alb.236060 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/4/9/9/0/500994_170x170.jpg 1994-01-01 00:00:00.0 1994-09-20 00:00:00.0 true A Winter's Tale tra.2161137 1529000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161137&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161137&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161138&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Tue, 20 Sep 1994 00:00:00 -0700 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2161138 tra.2161138 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Winter's Tale / String Sextet / Twang / New York Notes alb.236060 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/4/9/9/0/500994_170x170.jpg 1994-01-01 00:00:00.0 1994-09-20 00:00:00.0 true Album Leaf tra.2161138 163000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161138&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161138&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161139&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Tue, 20 Sep 1994 00:00:00 -0700 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2161139 tra.2161139 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Winter's Tale / String Sextet / Twang / New York Notes alb.236060 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/4/9/9/0/500994_170x170.jpg 1994-01-01 00:00:00.0 1994-09-20 00:00:00.0 true String Sextet tra.2161139 1152000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161139&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161139&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161140&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Tue, 20 Sep 1994 00:00:00 -0700 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2161140 tra.2161140 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Winter's Tale / String Sextet / Twang / New York Notes alb.236060 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/4/9/9/0/500994_170x170.jpg 1994-01-01 00:00:00.0 1994-09-20 00:00:00.0 true Twang tra.2161140 133000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161140&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161140&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161141&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Tue, 20 Sep 1994 00:00:00 -0700 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2161141 tra.2161141 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Winter's Tale / String Sextet / Twang / New York Notes alb.236060 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/4/9/9/0/500994_170x170.jpg 1994-01-01 00:00:00.0 1994-09-20 00:00:00.0 true New York Notes - Movement I tra.2161141 515000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161141&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161141&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161142&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Tue, 20 Sep 1994 00:00:00 -0700 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2161142 tra.2161142 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Winter's Tale / String Sextet / Twang / New York Notes alb.236060 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/4/9/9/0/500994_170x170.jpg 1994-01-01 00:00:00.0 1994-09-20 00:00:00.0 true New York Notes - Movement II tra.2161142 482000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161142&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2161142&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169251&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169251 tra.2169251 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true Symphonia tra.2169251 251000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169251&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169251&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169252&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169252 tra.2169252 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true Kyrie tra.2169252 335000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169252&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169252&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169253&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169253 tra.2169253 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true Gloria tra.2169253 376000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169253&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169253&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169255&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169255 tra.2169255 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true Agnus Dei tra.2169255 208000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169255&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169255&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169256&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169256 tra.2169256 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true Communion tra.2169256 334000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169256&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169256&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169257&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169257 tra.2169257 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true Symphonia (Exit) tra.2169257 257000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169257&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169257&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169259&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169259 tra.2169259 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true Ave Christe: Josquin tra.2169259 307000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169259&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169259&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169260&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169260 tra.2169260 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true I Invocation tra.2169260 447000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169260&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169260&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169261&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169261 tra.2169261 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true First Interlude tra.2169261 243000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169261&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169261&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169262&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169262 tra.2169262 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true II Creation History tra.2169262 762000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169262&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169262&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169263&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169263 tra.2169263 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true Second Interlude tra.2169263 137000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169263&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169263&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169264&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Mon, 1 Jan 1996 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2169264 tra.2169264 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Mass / A Solis Ortu / Ave Christe: Josquin / Genesis alb.127411 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/6/3/1/8/398136_170x170.jpg 2002-01-11 00:00:00.0 1996-01-01 00:00:00.0 true III. Doxology tra.2169264 540000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169264&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2169264&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479973&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Thu, 1 Jan 1998 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2479973 tra.2479973 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Piano Quintet / Lightenings VIII / The Mission of Virgil alb.167632 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/1/7/1/8/498171_170x170.jpg 1998-01-01 00:00:00.0 1998-01-01 00:00:00.0 true I. quarter = 60-64 tra.2479973 407000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479973&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479973&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479976&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Thu, 1 Jan 1998 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2479976 tra.2479976 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Piano Quintet / Lightenings VIII / The Mission of Virgil alb.167632 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/1/7/1/8/498171_170x170.jpg 1998-01-01 00:00:00.0 1998-01-01 00:00:00.0 true IV. quarter = 160 tra.2479976 268000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479976&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479976&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479978&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss 20th/21st Century Thu, 1 Jan 1998 00:00:00 -0800 Top Tracks by Charles Wuorinen on Rhapsody Online 2479978 tra.2479978 Charles Wuorinen art.11265 0.0 Piano Quintet / Lightenings VIII / The Mission of Virgil alb.167632 http://image.listen.com/img/170x170/1/7/1/8/498171_170x170.jpg 1998-01-01 00:00:00.0 1998-01-01 00:00:00.0 true Prelude tra.2479978 73000 http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479978&variant=play&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss http://www.rhapsody.com/goto?rcid=tra.2479978&variant=data&rws=%2Fcharles-wuorinen%2Ftop-tracks.rss